Plant Productions

The Effect of Nitrogen on Yield and Yield Components of Different Sesame (Sesamum Indicum L.) Varieties under Weed Competition

Soraya Haghanian; Alireza Yadavi; Hamidreza Balouchi; Ali Moradi; Yaeghoub Behzadi

Volume 42, Issue 2 , June 2019, , Pages 195-210

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.22805.1497

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Competition, as one of the key issues and complex phenomena, is in the ecophysiological discussions of plant communities and is influenced ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Competition, as one of the key issues and complex phenomena, is in the ecophysiological discussions of plant communities and is influenced by many factors that can be attributed to weed interference with the crop and the use of fertilizer inputs. Considering that nowadays the use of plant oils and sesame cultivation has increased, the aim of this study was to investigate the response of sesame cultivars to nitrogen increase in competition with weeds to identify the limitations and benefits of nitrogen use. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted as a split factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Omidieh (Khuzestan Province) during the summer of 2013. The main plot consisted of nitrogen fertilizer application levels (control [non-use] and use of 50 and 100 kg/ha nitrogen from urea form) and subplots were in a factorial combination of sesame varieties (Behbahan landrace, Yellow-white, tn-238, and tn-240) and weed competition in two levels (weed free and weed infest). In this experiment, morphological traits, harvest index, yield, and yield components of sesame were measured. Results The results showed that the effect of different amounts of nitrogen, weed competition, and sesame varieties on yield and yield components were significant. The interaction effects of nitrogen and sesame varieties on the leaf area index, number of capsules per plant, 1000-grain weight, and harvest index of sesame were significant. Increasing nitrogen improved LAI but weed interference reduced the number of capsules per plant by 23 percent. The effect of weed on 1000 grain weight showed that weed competition decreased this trait by 7.5 percent. The effects of nitrogen, cultivar, and weed competition on grain and biological yield were significant, so that the highest grain yield (158.06 gm-2) belonged to the 100 kg N treatment and between different varieties of sesame obtained from the Behbahan local variety(151.38 gm-2). Compared to the control (no nitrogen) the highest level of nitrogen treatment increased 31 percent in biological yield. In weed-free conditions, the Biological yield was more than the weed-infested treatment, so that the weed control increased the biological yield by 24 percent. Discussion Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the cultivation of Behbahan local variety with the application of 100 kg N, under Omidieh regional conditions, has been Improved many traits of sesame, including plant height, leaf area index, number of capsules per plant, and 1000 grain weight that this improvement was due to the get maximum yield.

Effect of Different Priming on Seed Germination Indices and Enzyme of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) SOR834 Genotype under Cadmium Chloride and Nitrate Toxicity

A. Rezai; H. Balouchi; M. Movahhedi Dehnavi; I. Adhami

Volume 41, Issue 1 , June 2018, , Pages 69-82

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.13551

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives The impact of toxicity of heavy metals such as cadmium in living organisms is a major global concern. Plant kingdom also is not exempted from ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives The impact of toxicity of heavy metals such as cadmium in living organisms is a major global concern. Plant kingdom also is not exempted from the adverse effects to exposure of heavy metals. This study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of different priming on seed germination indices of sorghum under Cadmium chloride and nitrate stress condition in laboratory. Materials and Methods The germination experiment was carried out as factorial based on a completely randomized design with four replications. The first factor was heavy metal treatments including 7 levels of cadmium chloride and nitrate, each in four levels (0, 200, 400 and 600 mM) and the second factor included 9 levels: gibberellic acid priming at concentrations of 400 and 800 mg/l, salicylic acid in two levels 0.3 and 0.6 mM, potassium nitrate with concentrations of 1 and 2% and concentrations of -3 and -6 bar of PEG and non-priming. Results The results of the germination experiment showed that the highest and lowest seed germination rates and percentage were obtained in 200 mM of cadmium nitrate and 600 mM of cadmium nitrate and chloride treatment, respectively, while 0.3 and 0.6 mM of salicylic acid application increased the germination rate. The highest and lowest length and weight vigor index were observed in 0 mM cadmium and 600 mM of cadmium chloride respectively, that 800 mg/l of gibberellic acid application leads to increasing the vigor index. Catalase activity in seed sorghum was increased by increasing of cadmium concentrations but decreased by using different priming. Discussion In relation to the slow germination under stress cadmium cell membrane, probably one of the important points is that the severely damaged cells leak out and vigor will be reduced. Priming with the reconstruction of damaged cells, reduces barriers to the growth of the fetus, increases the quality and quantity of protein synthesis, and increases tolerance to environmental stresses. Cadmium also reacts to sulfhydryl groups in the structure of enzymes and proteins. Plant water relations and gas exchange pores have a negative effect on processes of respiration and photosynthesis and increase production of reactive oxygen species in plant cells causes. Active oxygen species due to the desire for high electron affinity, and the basic biomolecules such as lipids, cells, proteins and nucleic acids can cause damage.

The Effect of Priming and Irrigation Water Quality on Seed and Oil yield and Yield Components of Two Sesames (Sesamum indicum L.)

Masumeh Alizadeh; h b; Alireza yadavi

Volume 39, Issue 2 , September 2016, , Pages 115-125

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12051

Abstract

Background and Objectives As on of the world's arid and semiarid climate regions, Iran suffers from two major problems of soil and irrigation water quality in agriculture of arid regions. ... Read More Background and Objectives As on of the world's arid and semiarid climate regions, Iran suffers from two major problems of soil and irrigation water quality in agriculture of arid regions. The first and most critical step of plant growth and development is germination; in addition, the uniformity of germination, average time of germination and emergence are also important parameters in seed quality. One of the new techniques in this regard the use of seed pretreatment that is generally referred to as priming. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of water quality on yield and yield components of two sesame genotypes and determine the genotypes that adapt themselves quickly to changing circumstances of priming and water quality. Material and methods In order to study the effects of water quality, priming and genotypes on yield and yield components of sesame, a field experiment as split plot factorial based on RCBD with three replications was conducted in Dashtestan of Bushehr province in 2013. The main plot involves two measures of water quality (the first by the EC: 3.4 ds/m, soluble salts: 2.14 g/l, pH: 7.7, calcium and sodium: 560 and 276 ppm, and the second by the EC: 0.601 ds/m, soluble salts: 0.33 g/l, pH: 7.4 and calcium and sodium: 96 and 23 ppm) and the sub-plot consisted of factorial arrangement of genotypes (Dashtestan 2 and Line 5) and priming (salicylic acid in 25 and 50 mg per liter and NaCl in 5 and 10 grams per liter and hydro priming as a control). Ultimately, the grain yield, oil yield, yield components, length and weight of were measured capsules. Result The results showed that water quality, genotypes and priming interactions caused different changes in yield and yield components. The best genotypes and priming for number of branch, number of capsules per plant, capsule dry weight, thousand seed weight and grain yield belong to the Dashtestan 2 genotype and priming with salicylic acid in 25 mg per liter at the first water quality. Applying a second water quality led to reduction in the number of capsules, thousand seed weight and grain yield. It seems that Dashtestan 2 among the studied genotypes in the first water quality condition, with the highest grain yield, oil and yield components showed the highest rate of compliance with the experimental conditions. Discussion Background and Objectives As on of the world's arid and semiarid climate regions, Iran suffers from two major problems of soil and irrigation water quality in agriculture of arid regions. The first and most critical step of plant growth and development is germination; in addition, the uniformity of germination, average time of germination and emergence are also important parameters in seed quality. One of the new techniques in this regard the use of seed pretreatment that is generally referred to as priming. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of water quality on yield and yield components of two sesame genotypes and determine the genotypes that adapt themselves quickly to changing circumstances of priming and water quality. Material and methods In order to study the effects of water quality, priming and genotypes on yield and yield components of sesame, a field experiment as split plot factorial based on RCBD with three replications was conducted in Dashtestan of Bushehr province in 2013. The main plot involves two measures of water quality (the first by the EC: 3.4 ds/m, soluble salts: 2.14 g/l, pH: 7.7, calcium and sodium: 560 and 276 ppm, and the second by the EC: 0.601 ds/m, soluble salts: 0.33 g/l, pH: 7.4 and calcium and sodium: 96 and 23 ppm) and the sub-plot consisted of factorial arrangement of genotypes (Dashtestan 2 and Line 5) and priming (salicylic acid in 25 and 50 mg per liter and NaCl in 5 and 10 grams per liter and hydro priming as a control). Ultimately, the grain yield, oil yield, yield components, length and weight of were measured capsules. Result The results showed that water quality, genotypes and priming interactions caused different changes in yield and yield components. The best genotypes and priming for number of branch, number of capsules per plant, capsule dry weight, thousand seed weight and grain yield belong to the Dashtestan 2 genotype and priming with salicylic acid in 25 mg per liter at the first water quality. Applying a second water quality led to reduction in the number of capsules, thousand seed weight and grain yield. It seems that Dashtestan 2 among the studied genotypes in the first water quality condition, with the highest grain yield, oil and yield components showed the highest rate of compliance with the experimental conditions. Discussion The two genotypes of sesame were different in saline conditions in terms of capsule manufacturing per plant. It seems that the salinity may limit and disrupt the balance in nutrient uptake by the roots, resulting in the production and allocation of assimilates to reproductive organs, such as decrease of the components, and reproductive organs; the salt may lead to the loss of the number of capsules per plant. In general, it seems that the number of capsules per plant of sesame ecotypes has genetic diversity and this feature can be used in breeding programs. Beneficial effects of salicylic acid on grain yield in relation to the transfer of photosynthesis assimilate in grains during grain filling that is a result of increased grain weight.

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Author = b, h

The Effect of Nitrogen on Yield and Yield Components of Different Sesame (Sesamum Indicum L.) Varieties under Weed Competition

Abstract

Effect of Different Priming on Seed Germination Indices and Enzyme of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) SOR834 Genotype under Cadmium Chloride and Nitrate Toxicity

Abstract

The Effect of Priming and Irrigation Water Quality on Seed and Oil yield and Yield Components of Two Sesames (Sesamum indicum L.)

Abstract